Philosophy with Integrity

Passive Fire Protection standard 정리

vegabondsheyla — Sat, 5 Jul 2025 12:10:39 +0900

BP GP 24-24 Guidance on Practice for Passive Fire Protection - Offshore

5. Requirement PFP

5.1 PFP Roles

5.2 PFP System Effectiveness

5.3 Conflicts- Fire and Explosion

5.4 System Installation

5.5 PFP System Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair

5.6 Regulatory and Code Compliance

5.7 System Performance Standards

6. Applications

6.1

7. Selection of Systems and Materials

7.1 Primary material and systems

7.2 Specification of Penestration

TOTAL GS EP SAF 337 Passive Fire Protection: Basis of Design

4. General requirements for Passive Fire Protection

5. Different fireproofing materials

6. Application to typical examples

Appendix 1 Test reports

Appendix 2 List of PFP materials

Appendix 1 GRP

Appendix 1 Example of a Hp/A calculation

ADNOC AGES-PH-03-002 FGS and Fire Protection system philosophy (Part 3)

10.

11.

12.

13.

Appendix A. MAT

Appendix B. Protection time

Appendix C. HSECES protection principles

Appendix D. Materials

Appendix E.

Appendix F

Appendix G.

Appendix H

Appendix I

Appendix J

Appendix K

SHELL DEP 34.19.20.11 Passive fire protection for onshore facilities

2. General

3. PFP of Equipment and Structures

6. Material Properties and application of PFP

Appendix A. Document required

Appendix B. Piperack details

Appendix C. Typical details of concrete FP

Appendix D.

Essential Reading List

vegabondsheyla — Sat, 5 Jul 2025 09:53:10 +0900

Safer Design

CCPS, "Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety - Protection layer (safety system) design
Guidelines for the protection of pressurized systems exposed to fire. Scandpower
SHELL “Design” - Process system design (process hazards, operational hazards)
ADNOC HSE-GA-ST07 → ADNOC management와 연결 필요함

Risk management

ISO 17776:2016(E)
PSM관련 내용 CCPS
- ADNOC의 관련 자료 (예) risk management, HSECES management. 등.

Layout & Spacing

SP-1127 (2022) - DEP 80.00.10.11 (2017)
SP-1258 QRA
SP- 1075 FERM - DEP 80.47.10.30
SP-2311 HAC (2022) -
SP-2215 HFE

https://knowledge.gexcon.com/docs/calculating-irpa-in-riskcurves

Fire Protection

ISO 13702
Scandpower, Guidelines for the Protection of Pressurized Systems Exposed to Fire
API RP 2218 for FP
API RP 521 for EDP

세부 standards

API RP 505 → NPFA 497 → EI part 15.
CCPS, Ignition Probability
CCPS, Process Vent (Loss of containment 중요함) - Safe locations (effect analysis criteria 등)
CCPS, facility siting study
월간 CCPS beacon (https://www.aiche.org/ccps/resources/process-safety-beacon/archives)
API RP 14C Safety System
API RP 14J Design and Hazard Analysis
API RP 14G Fire Prevention and Control

[Complete Reading] ISO 17776

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:21:56 +0900

Petroleum and natural gas industries- offshore production installations- major accident hazard management during the deisng of new installations

Introduction

Major accident hazard management overview

General
Project management commitment
Project management accountability
Project plan to manage major accident hazards
Objectives of major accident hazard management
Selection of hazard evaluation and risk assessment methods
Good engineering practice
Documentation
Actions management
MoC

Management of major accident hazards in design

Overview of MA hazard management
Key concepts
- Understanding the MA hazards
- ISD
- Design strategies for managing MA hazards
- Barriers
- Performance standards
- Communication with technical and operational teams

Screening and concept selection process

General
Objectives
Functional requirements
- Screening
- Hazard identification
- Major accident hazards evaluation
- ISD and barriers
- Performance standards
- Sufficiency of measures
- Documentation

Concept definition and optimization

General
Objectives
Functional requirements

Detailed design and construction phase

General
Objectives
Functional requirements

Major accident hazard management in operation

General
Objectives
Functional requirements

Annex A: Example of a framework for risk-related decision support

Annex B Plan to manage major accident hazards

Annex C

Annex D

Annex E

[Complete Reading] HSE-GA-ST07 HSE Design Philosophy

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:21:17 +0900

각 분야의 design philosophy를 작성한다.

7. Requirements

7.1 Design Philosophy

Principles of inherent safety
Process safety
HSE studies
- HAZID
- HAZOP
- SIL determination study
- FERA
- QRA
- H2S zone classification
- ESSA
- EERA
- HFE
HSE design reviews
- ISD review
- BAT review
- Layout review
- Design review
- 3D model review
- Constructibility review
- SIMOPs review
- Alarm rationalization review
SDS

7.2 Plant Layouts

Layout review checklist 만들때 해당 내용을 추가하기

7.3 Ignition Control

ANDOC guideline

7.4 HSE Critical Equipment and Systems (HSECES)

PSM관련 사항으로 별도 정리 필요함

7.5 Process Safety Design

API RP 14C

Two level of protection (1) prevention (2) minimization

7.6 Process Isolations

Isolation philosophy

7.7 ESD

ESD philosophy

7.8 EDP

API std 521

EDP philosophy

7.9 Fire zones

별도로 이 내용만 정리가 필요함.

7.10 FGS

7.11 Fire Protection System

7.12 Paving, Drainage, Environmental containment & bunding

Paving
Drainage
Bunding

용어를 그림을 첨부하여 정리함. ex) paved area, catch basin, kerbing, bund, dike,

7.13 Electrical safety

7.14 HVAC

7.15 Handling and storage of hazardous material

7.16 Emergency Communication

7.17 EER

7.18 Escape route design criteria

7.19 Hazard communication

7.20 Occupational health requirements

7.21 Environmental requirements

7.22 Vent & Flaring

7.23 Personnel Protection

시합을 뛰는 운동선수처럼

호기심. - 문제를 찾는다. 혹시나? 내가 모르는 것이 이미 반영되어 있나?. PE는 PI로 모든 것을 알 수 있으나, PSE는 PI가 전부라고 생각하지 않는다. 아직 발견되지 않은 것이. 호기심. curiosity

[Complete Reading] Assessment of the Fire safety of an Onshore installation

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:20:23 +0900

DEP 80.47.10.30, PTS 80.47.10.30

Assessment of the Fire safety of an Onshore installation

1. Introduction

2. Fire Safety Assessment (FSA)

2.1 General

2.2 Sequential steps to be taken during a fire safety

2.2.1 Determination of loss of containment and fire scenarios

2.2.2.1 Loss of Containment of scenario

2.2.2.2 Fire Scenarios

2.2.2

2.2.2.1 Pool fires

2.2.2.2 Jet fires

2.2.2.3 Flash fires

2.2.2.4 VCE

2.2.2.5 BLEVE

2.2.2.6 ATM tank fires

2.2.3 Assessment of the detection time

2.2.4 Determination of the fuel supply reduction measures

2.2.5 Quantification of the fire/leakage

2.2.6 Determination of required protection measures

2.3 Fire Prevention Measures

2.3.1 Measures to prevent HC leakage: P&ID checklist에 포함되어야 함

Piping arrangement
Fewer flanges for HP, H2, Lighter HC or chemicals, HT or AIT
Small bore piping
Fail-safe position of the instrument & valves
Level gauges - magnetic
Shaft sealing systems
~~Early detection~~

2.3.2 Measures to minimize HC leakage quantities: P&ID checklist에 포함되어야 함

Segregation of particular sections of the plant: ROV/EIV, ESD
Rapid dumping of parts of the plant inventory: EDP, Liquid dropout
Provision of rapid detection facilities: FGS

2.3.3 Measures to minimize the probabilities of ignition of HC leakage

Layout and spacing
Surface drainage arrangement
Less confined/congested

2.4 Fire Protection objectives and principles

2.5 Fire Fighting preparedness

화재를 대비한 조직적, 기술-설비적 사전 준비

3. Assessment of Fireproofing

2.4.2 내용 포함

3.1 General

Limited time and limited degree of exposure

Fireproofing should not be considered as a replacement for active fire fighting or lead to relaxation of normal design requirements (spacing and layout considerations) and precautions in operation and maintenance. => FP design strategies

3.1.1 Resistance against a fire

The length of time. A min of 30 minutes protection time against HC fire. => Design philosophy와 연계해야 함. 다른 FP measure를 설계할 때 적용해야 하는 기준임. 30분동안 FP의 성능이 유지되도록 test/maintanance, 30분안에 ESD/Isolation/DEP/ER 출동/대피 등이 이루어져야 함. 이런 기준으로 design 되어야 함. 이래서 IPL로 간주하기 힘듬. consequence 연계 - small/medium fire, not big fire. 이 기준도 isolatable section/fire zone 기준으로 판단되어야 함.

3.2 Defining the fireproofing zone

3.3 Fireproofing of equipment and structures

3.3.10 Process vessels, storage vessels, and piping

Fixed water spray -> Fireproofing

4. AFP System and Facilities

5. FF Agents, systems, and Equipment

6. Fire Safety Requirements for Specific Areas and Equipment : P&ID checklist에 포함되어야 함

6.4.1 Columns and vessels: fire protection for vessels

6.5

[Selective Reading] API RP 2030 (2014)

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:19:45 +0900

6. Water Spray Design Objective

6.1 General

6.2 Exposure Protection

6.3 Control of burning

6.4 Extinguishment

6.5 Hot Equipment

7 Water application rate

7.1 General

7.2 General area coverage

7.3 Application rates for equipment and structure protection

7.3.6 Pressure Vessels, Exchangers, and Towers

"Jet"

"Drain"

NPFA 15 fire spread"

Reading through, complete reading 통독 <-> Selective reading 발췌

[Complete Reading] FGS and Fire Protection System Philosophy Part 1

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:19:30 +0900

Terms & Definitions

Facility > Plant > Process Unit > Process section

Fire Detection Zone (FDZ, F&G zone) -> ER initiated & targeted

Fire Zone: 화재 확산(escalation)을 제한하고 소방 시스템(예: deluge system)의 적용 범위를 정의하는 설계적·방호적 개념으로 구분되는 단위 zone임.

FPrZ Fire protection zone

Step 1. HAZID

- Source of release

- Vulnerabilities (& Potential Ignition Sources)

Step 2. Identify Major Accident Events (MAE)

자세히 구분하여 내 방식으로 수정하자 excel table

Step 3 &4. Location of MAE and Criticality for Escalation

Step 3: Where can fire occur (F&G Zone)

F&G Zone 와 FPrZ은 같지 않다. FPrZ = multiple F&GZ

FPrZ은 process isolation & EDP 등 다른 설비도 포함되어 더 넓은 영역이다.

Step 4: What can be affected (Grading of F&G Zone)

[Complete Reading] FGS and Fire Protection System Philosophy Part 3- PFP

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:19:14 +0900

Terms & Definitions

Facility > Plant > Process Unit > Process section

Fire Detection Zone (FDZ, F&G zone) -> ER initiated & targeted

Fire Zone: 화재 확산(escalation)을 제한하고 소방 시스템(예: deluge system)의 적용 범위를 정의하는 설계적·방호적 개념으로 구분되는 단위 zone임.

FPrZ Fire protection zone

4. Overall approach to PFP & Document structure

HSECES: "Safety critical" performance

- Functionality

- Availability

- Survivability: PFP

- Dependencies & Interactions

Table 4.1 review

4.1 General

4.2 Key Assumptions

4.3 Pre-requisition

4.4 Overview of Framework

4.5 Application & Compliance with Philosophy

4.6 Document structure

5. Functionality: Principles of PFP application

5.1 HAZID: What are the hazards?

5.1.1 Fire Class

For pool/jet fires. Not for flash fire/fireball because they are not prolonged.

5.1.2 Fire Duration

(1) Likelihood: Leak * ignition => fire

- Leak -small to start with: typical

- Large leaks by external failure: much lower frequency

(2) Size of hazard envelope

- Jet fire: determined by the size of the leak

- Pool fire: determined by the degree of containment (bund, kerbs, drainage, etc to limit the size of a pool fire.)

(3) Duration of hazard envelope

The nature and quantity of fuel

5.2 Identification of HSECES: What are vulnerable HSECES?

- Structure

- Large material inventories (vessels/tanks)

- Process safety systems (ESDV, ROV. BDV, AFP systems (deluge skids, etc.)

- Cabling

- Flare lines, FW lines, etc.

5.3 Principles of Protection: How will it work? 작동원리

MAT (Maximum allowable temperature) of unprotected equipment * a defined time period.

PFP shall prevent the relevant HSECES from reaching its MAT for the duration required to protect it.

5.4 Protection Period: How long to protect?

The time required for the HSECES to survive

- Predicted fire duration, assuming operation of ESD/Isolation/BD, bunding and drainage provisions), but assuming no operation of AFP protection (from FERA)

(1) FERA로 fire duration을 예상할 수 있는가? 입력값이 될 수 있음. jet fire/pool fire

(2) Lower certainty

- Predicted escape, muster and evacuation duration (from EERA)

- Predicted duration for firefighting team to arrive and control of fire (ER philosophy with HSE philosophy)

- Predicted search and rescue durations (from EERA)

Initial estimate: Protection time이 이미 정해진 것들이 있음. 이를 confirm함. 만약 준수하지 못했을 때, FERA의 결과 값과 비교함. 부족하다면 어떤 조치를 해야하는가?

6. Availability: 유지보수

7. Survivability

PFP의 survivability에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들

7.1 Process Conditions

일반적으로 hot temperature fluid임. cryogenic temperature에는 취약할 수 있음.

7.2 Pool fires: pool fire test 수행함

7.3 Jet fires: jet fire test 수행함

Jet fire impingement 의 Erosive force, pressure fluctuation, and high heat flux 에 대한 내구성이 있어야 함.

Pool fire and jet fire 둘다 견딜 수 있도록 설계되어야 함. 그리고 test도 함.

7.4 Explosion Resistance

7.5 Environmental Conditions: seawater, sandstorm,etc.

7.6 Cryogenic spills before fires

LNG, Liquid N2, Liquid O2, Liquid Ar, Liquid Ammonia (-33 degC): super-chilled

PTS/PDO fireproofing 자료 확인 필요함. SHELL DEP 개정판

7.7 Interactions with other activities

- Firewater/Foam during firefighting

- Maintenance activities

8. Project Implementation

8.1 ISD perspective

8.2 Project Lifecycle

The main difference for jet fires that the flammable inventory can usually be reduced by isolation and depressurization to control the fire within ina predetermined time frame. This gives an opportunity for the HSECES to survive, meaning that PFP can be avoided along with its downside of extra, cost and maintenance burden.

정보가 부족하므로 prescriptive standard를 적용한다. 그러나 API 2218도 한계는 있다

API RP 2218 의 한계 (inherent assumptions and constraints)

Pool fires affected volume (9*9m)

Coarse fire categorization (low, medium, & high risk)

No consideration of

- HC flash point

- Bund area

- Heat of combustion

- Burning rate

- Flame wild tilt effects

- Flame luminosity

이를 극복하기 위해 FERA와 같은 FHA로 design verification이 필요하다.

"Irrespective" of the optimum PFP requirements based on a specific FERA study.

9. PFP Implementation-Onshore plant

9.1 General

onshore vs offshore

9.2 Flare & Vent lines

Re-routing away from fire sources sufficiently not to be impared or passively fire protected.

9.3 Flare Towers & Ground Flares

Layout/spacing (from KO drum) 으로 affected 가능성을 낮추고 자체 PFP는 하지 않는다.

9.4 AFC

finned tube가 상대적으로 fire에 취약함. Thin metal is more susceptible to external flame exposure compared to the thick-walled tubular water exchanger.

AFC are supported by elevated pipe racks. => chimney effect

9.5 Remote & unmanned wellheads

No PFP because no fatalities are expected.

9.6 Utilities

9.6.1 Bottled compressed gases

Layout/spacing. It must be kept away from direct sunlight and located outside of any potential fire envelope.

9.6.2 Firewater ring main

가능 하면 by earth burial

9.6.3 Chemical injection skids and tanks

Layout/spacing. located outside of any potential fire envelope.

만약 external fire에 의해 chemical 누출에 의한 피해가 크다면 FPF해야 한다.

9.7 Stairways, walkways, and access platform -EERA

10. PFP Implementation- onshore building

10.1 Building & Enclosures

10.2 General

10.3 Occupied building at the process plant

10.4 Plant/Process Buildings

10.5 External Boundaries and Walls

10.6 Steel pipe racks, equipment supporting structures

11. PFP Implementation- offshore installations

12. PFP Implementation- other facilities

12.1 Artificial islands

12.2 Refineries

12.3 LPG Process Plants & Storage

12.4 LNG Plants & Storage

12.5 Jetty Terminals

12.6 Helipads and Heliports

13. Earth mounding & Embankment protection

Appendix A 엑셀시트

Appendix B 엑셀시트

Appendix C

[Complete Reading] FGS and Fire Protection System Philosophy Part 4- AFP

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:19:00 +0900

The objective of AFP is the answer to the question, "How can escalation be avoided?"

- Fixed fire protection systems

- Mobile fire protection systems

4. Overall approach & Framework

4.1 General

4.2 Requisites

4.3 Approach to AFP

4.4 Framework of Standard

4.5 Application & Compliance with Standards

4.6 Document structure

5. Selection of systems - AFP

5.1 Fire Protection Overview

5.2 How to tackle fires using fixed systems?

5.3 Which portable fire extinguishers to use?

5.4 Equipment selection/quality

6. Standard - Firewater system

6.1 Firewater standard

6.2 Firewater application rates

7. Standard - Deluge system

8. Standard - Foam application

9. Standard - Sprinkler

10. Standard - Water mist (self-contained)

11. Standard - Gaseous extinguishant

12. Standard - Wet Chemical

13. Standard - Portable fire extinguishers

14. Jetty & Terminals

15. Standard - Buildings

[Complete Reading] EI part 19: Fire Precaution at petroleum refineries and bulk storage installations.

vegabondsheyla — Fri, 4 Jul 2025 14:18:48 +0900

Foreword

Key Principles

Overview

1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Scope

1.3 Application

1.4 Risk-based fire and explosion hazard management (FEHM)

1.5 Regislave trends in FEHM assessment and provision of fire risk reduction measures

1.6 International application

1.7 Risk drivers

2. Hazards

2.1 Introductions

2.2 Fire-related properties of petroleum and its products

2.3 Combustion of petroleum and its products

2.4 Smoke and gases

2.5 Fire and explosion scenarios

2.6 Consequences

2.7 Fire and Explosion Modeling

3. FEHM Process

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fire Scenario Analysis

3.3 Risk Reduction Options

3.4 FEHM policy

3.5 Implementation

4. Fire Prevention

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Control of flammable substances

4.3 Atmospheric monitoring

4.4 Control of the source of ignition

4.5 Permit-to -work systems

4.6 Maintenance practices

4.7 Housekeeping

4.8 Installation layout

4.9 Building fire precautions

5. Fire, liquid, and flammable gas detection

6. Fire Protection

6.1 Intrduction

6.2 PFP-options, applications and design issues

6.3 AFP

6.4 Extinguish media

6.5 Fixed system -options, applications and design issues

7. Response strategies and options

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Incident repsonse strategies

7.3 Occupational fire brigades

7.4 Organizational of occupational fire brigades

7.5 Competency standards for installation emergency responders

7.6 Fire response equipment

8. Maintaing FEHM policy

Annex A

Annex B

Annex C

Annex D

Annex E